Raihan Tubagus Ramadhan, - and Hendrawan, - and Athanasia Amanda Septevani, - (2025) PENGEMBANGAN KOMPOSIT NANOSELULOSA DARI ALGA COKELAT (Sargassum Duplicatum) TERFUNGSIONALISASI TiO₂ UNTUK FOTODEGRADASI LIMBAH ANTIBIOTIK. S1 thesis, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Abstract
Limbah medis, khususnya kontaminan farmasetik seperti antibiotik, menjadi ancaman lingkungan yang serius karena sifatnya yang persisten di perairan dan potensi mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem. Metode pengolahan air limbah konvensional seperti koagulasi dan sedimentasi sering kali tidak mampu menghilangkan polutan farmasetik secara efektif, sehingga diperlukan metode lanjutan. Pencemaran antibiotik di lingkungan perairan dapat menyebabkan akumulasi biologis dan resistensi genetik. Fotokatalisis sebagai bagian dari Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) merupakan metode yang efektif dan ramah lingkungan untuk mendegradasi senyawa tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi nanoselulosa dari biomassa alga cokelat Sargassum duplicatum, mengembangkan komposit nanoselulosa–TiO₂ dalam bentuk film, serta menguji aktivitas fotokatalitiknya terhadap antibiotik. Selulosa berhasil diisolasi dengan rendemen tertinggi 56,55% pada perlakuan NaClO₂ 5% (3 jam), kemudian dihidrolisis menjadi nanoselulosa (CNC) dengan morfologi batang (rod-like), diameter rata-rata 11,19 ± 3,52 nm, panjang 816,36 ± 184,05 nm, rasio aspek 72,93, dan kristalinitas meningkat dari 45,39% menjadi 59,64%. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan adanya gugus sulfat ester (1050 cm⁻¹), sedangkan TEM menegaskan bentuk rod-like CNC. Komposit optimum diperoleh pada rasio 3:1 (NC:TiO₂). Karakterisasi SEM-EDS menunjukkan TiO₂ terdispersi homogen tanpa aglomerasi besar, dengan kandungan unsur utama O (49,44%), C (37,00%), dan Ti (13,56%). Pola XRD menegaskan keberadaan fase anatase TiO₂ (25,3° 2θ) serta selulosa Iβ (16° dan 22,6° 2θ), sementara UV-Vis DRS memperlihatkan penurunan band gap dari 2,99 eV (TiO₂ murni) menjadi 2,63 eV pada komposit. Uji fotokatalitik menunjukkan kinerja komposit lebih baik dibanding TiO₂ murni maupun nanoselulosa tunggal. Efisiensi degradasi mencapai 94,83% untuk rifampisin dan 90,83% untuk amoksisilin, lebih tinggi dibandingkan TiO₂ murni (80,26% dan 79,26%). Optimasi dosis katalis menunjukkan hasil terbaik pada 5 g/L, sedangkan uji reusabilitas hingga siklus ketiga masih mempertahankan efisiensi cukup baik, yaitu 88,35% (RIF) dan 72,10% (AMX). Analisis kinetika menegaskan bahwa reaksi degradasi mengikuti model orde pertama. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa komposit nanoselulosa–TiO₂ berpotensi sebagai fotokatalis berkelanjutan untuk pengolahan limbah antibiotik di lingkungan perairan. Medical waste, particularly pharmaceutical contaminants such as antibiotics, poses a serious environmental threat due to their persistence in aquatic systems and potential disruption of ecosystem balance. Conventional wastewater treatment methods such as coagulation and sedimentation are often ineffective in removing pharmaceutical pollutants, thus requiring advanced treatment strategies. Antibiotic pollution in aquatic environments can lead to bioaccumulation and genetic resistance. Photocatalysis, as part of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), is an effective and environmentally friendly method for degrading such compounds. This study aimed to isolate nanocellulose from the brown algae Sargassum duplicatum, develop nanocellulose–TiO₂ composites in film form, and evaluate their photocatalytic activity against antibiotics. Cellulose was successfully isolated with the highest yield of 56.55% under NaClO₂ 5% treatment (3 h), then hydrolyzed into nanocellulose (CNC) with rod-like morphology, an average diameter of 11.19 ± 3.52 nm, length of 816.36 ± 184.05 nm, aspect ratio of 72.93, and crystallinity increased from 45.39% to 59.64%. FTIR analysis revealed sulfate ester groups (1050 cm⁻¹), while TEM confirmed the rod-like shape of CNC. The optimum composite was obtained at a 3:1 ratio (NC:TiO₂). SEM-EDS analysis showed well-dispersed TiO₂ without large agglomeration, with the main elements O (49.44%), C (37.00%), and Ti (13.56%). XRD patterns confirmed the presence of anatase TiO₂ (25.3° 2θ) and cellulose Iβ (16° and 22.6° 2θ), while UV-Vis DRS demonstrated a reduction in band gap from 2.99 eV (pure TiO₂) to 2.63 eV in the composite. Photocatalytic tests revealed that the composite outperformed pure TiO₂ and nanocellulose alone. Degradation efficiencies reached 94.83% for rifampicin and 90.83% for amoxicillin, higher than pure TiO₂ (80.26% and 79.26%). Catalyst dose optimization indicated the best performance at 5 g/L, while recyclability tests up to three cycles retained good efficiency, with 88.35% (RIF) and 72.10% (AMX) in the third cycle. Kinetic analysis confirmed that the degradation reaction followed a first-order model. These findings indicate that nanocellulose–TiO₂ composites have strong potential as sustainable photocatalysts for antibiotic wastewater treatment in aquatic environments.
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| Item Type: | Thesis (S1) |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=fxYeDosAAAAJ ID SINTA DOSEN PEMBIMBING Hendrawan: 5994163 Athanasia Amanda Septevani: 6724243 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Nanoselulosa, TiO₂, Fotokatalisis, Antibiotik, Sargassum duplicatum Nanocellulose, TiO₂, Photocatalysis, Antibiotics, Sargassum duplicatum |
| Subjects: | Q Science > Q Science (General) Q Science > QD Chemistry T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam > Program Studi Kimia - S1 > Program Studi Kimia (non kependidikan) |
| Depositing User: | Raihan Tubagus Ramadhan |
| Date Deposited: | 06 Oct 2025 09:20 |
| Last Modified: | 06 Oct 2025 09:20 |
| URI: | http://repository.upi.edu/id/eprint/142183 |
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