eprintid: 138986 rev_number: 25 eprint_status: archive userid: 217207 dir: disk0/00/13/89/86 datestamp: 2025-09-14 01:32:49 lastmod: 2025-09-14 01:32:49 status_changed: 2025-09-14 01:32:49 type: thesis metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Rivaldi Arissaputra, - creators_name: Vanessa Gaffar, - creators_name: Mokh. Adib Sultan, - creators_name: Denny Andriana, - creators_nim: NIM2208206 creators_nim: NIDN0007037404 creators_nim: NIDN0410038102 creators_nim: NIDN0001118106 creators_id: rivaldiarissaputra@upi.edu creators_id: vanessa@upi.edu creators_id: adiebsultan@upi.edu creators_id: denny.andriana@upi.edu contributors_type: http://www.loc.gov/loc.terms/relators/THS contributors_type: http://www.loc.gov/loc.terms/relators/THS contributors_type: http://www.loc.gov/loc.terms/relators/THS contributors_name: Vanessa Gaffar, - contributors_name: Mokh. Adib Sultan, - contributors_name: Denny Andriana, - contributors_nidn: NIDN0007037404 contributors_nidn: NIDN0410038102 contributors_nidn: NIDN0001118106 contributors_id: vanessa@upi.edu contributors_id: adiebsultan@upi.edu contributors_id: denny.andriana@upi.edu title: MODEL PEMBENTUKAN TOURIST ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR DALAM KONTEKS PARIWISATA HALAL ispublished: pub subjects: GE subjects: L1 divisions: Man full_text_status: restricted keywords: Tourist Environmentally Responsible Behaviour, Digital Halal Tourism Literacy, Halal Experiencescape Quality, Memorable Halal Ecotourism Experience, Halal Destination Attachment. note: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_S85KgoAAAAJ&hl=en ID Sinta Dosen Pembimbing Vanessa Gaffar: 5993246 Mokh. Adib Sultan: 6002446 Denny Andriana: 5996554 abstract: Tingginya jumlah pengunjung wisata di Indonesia membuat semakin meningkat risiko dampak negatif pariwisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menekan dampak negatif pariwisata dengan mengembangkan dan menguji model konseptual yang menjelaskan pembentukan Tourist Environmentally Responsible Behaviour yang menjadi novelty. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan mixed methods dengan desain convergent, melalui survei terhadap 831 wisatawan nusantara di destinasi ekowisata Jawa Barat dan wawancara mendalam dengan 12 informan kunci dari unsur pemerintah, pengelola, wisatawan, akademisi, dan komunitas lokal. Hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa Digital Halal Tourism Literacy dan Halal Experiencescape Quality tidak berpengaruh langsung terhadap Tourist Environmentally Responsible Behaviour, tetapi memiliki pengaruh signifikan secara tidak langsung melalui Memorable Halal Ecotourism Experience dan Halal Destination Attachment sebagai mediator. Temuan kualitatif selaras dan memperkaya hasil kuantitatif dengan mengidentifikasi faktor lainnya seperti Environmental Awareness, Environmental Concern, Environmental Education, dan Stakeholders. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kontribusi teoretis dalam bentuk pengembangan konsep Tourist Behaviour dengan pendekatan ekologis dan model integratif menuju terwujudnya Sustainable Halal Tourism. Penelitian ini juga memberikan kontribusi praktis bagi para pemangku kepentingan dalam merancang pengalaman wisata halal yang mendorong Tourist Environmentally Responsible Behaviour. The increasing number of tourist visits in Indonesia has heightened the risk of negative tourism impacts. This study aims to mitigate these impacts by developing and testing a conceptual model that explains the formation of Tourist Environmentally Responsible Behaviour, which serves as the novelty of the research. A mixed methods approach with a convergent design was employed, involving a survey of 831 domestic tourists at ecotourism destinations in West Java and in-depth interviews with 12 key informants representing government, tourism managers, tourists, academics, and local communities. SEM results indicate that Digital Halal Tourism Literacy and Halal Experiencescape Quality do not directly influence Tourist Environmentally Responsible Behaviour, but have a significant indirect effect through Memorable Halal Ecotourism Experience and Halal Destination Attachment as mediators. The qualitative findings align with and enrich the quantitative results by identifying additional factors such as Environmental Awareness, Environmental Concern, Environmental Education, and Stakeholders. This study contributes theoretically by developing the concept of Tourist Behaviour through an ecological approach and an integrative model toward achieving Sustainable Halal Tourism. It also offers practical contributions for stakeholders in designing halal tourism experiences that foster Tourist Environmentally Responsible Behaviour. date: 2025-08-15 date_type: published institution: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia department: KODEPRODI61001#Manajemen_S3 thesis_type: doctoral thesis_name: phd official_url: https://repository.upi.edu/ related_url_url: https://perpustakaan.upi.edu/ related_url_type: org referencetext: Abbas, E. W., Jumriani, S. N. L., & Muhammad Rezky Noor Handy, R. (2022). Penguatan Sikap Nasionalistik Melalui Wisata Edukasi Di Bantaran Sungai. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah, 7(3). Abbass, K., Qasim, M. Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., & Younis, I. (2022). A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(28), 42539–42559. Abdullah, S. I. N. W., Samdin, Z., Teng, P. K., & Heng, B. L. J. (2019). The impact of knowledge, attitude, consumption values and destination image on tourists’ responsible environmental behaviour intention. In Management Science Letters (Vol. 9, Issue 9, pp. 1461–1476). https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.5.005 Abidin, S. Z. Z., & Mohamed, B. (2014). A review of SCUBA diving impacts and implication for coral reefs conservation and tourism management. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 1093. Abror, A., Patrisia, D., Engriani, Y., Hafizh, M. Al, Gaffar, V., Qoriah, Q., Achmad, N., Wusqa, U., & Abdullah, M. S. (2025). Antecedents of tourist citizenship behavior: the role of digital halal literacy and religiosity. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 16(1), 65–81. Afsar, B., Maqsoom, A., Shahjehan, A., Afridi, S. A., Nawaz, A., & Fazliani, H. (2020). Responsible leadership and employee’s proenvironmental behavior: The role of organizational commitment, green shared vision, and internal environmental locus of control. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 297–312. Agag, G., Aboul-Dahab, S., Shehawy, Y. M., Alamoudi, H. O., Alharthi, M. D., & Hassan Abdelmoety, Z. (2022). Impacts of COVID-19 on the post-pandemic behaviour: The role of mortality threats and religiosity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 67(February), 102964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102964 Agnew, C. (2009). Commitment, theories and typologies. Ahmed, S., Sharif, T., Ting, D. H., & Sharif, S. J. (2024). Crafting emotional engagement and immersive experiences: Comprehensive scale development for and validation of hospitality marketing storytelling involvement. Psychology & Marketing, 41(7), 1514–1529. Aji, H. M., Muslichah, I., & Seftyono, C. (2021). The determinants of Muslim travellers’ intention to visit non-Islamic countries: a halal tourism implication. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1553–1576. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2020-0075 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888. Akhshik, A., Rezapouraghdam, H., Ozturen, A., & Ramkissoon, H. (2023). Memorable tourism experiences and critical outcomes among nature-based visitors: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(18), 2981–3003. Al-Ansi, A., Kim, S., Xu, Y., Chen, C., Chua, B.-L., & Han, H. (2025). Wellness tourism attributes and tourist outcomes: An analysis of configurational effects. Journal of Travel Research, 64(5), 1244–1261. Al Halbusi, H., Jimenez Estevez, P., Eleen, T., Ramayah, T., & Hossain Uzir, M. U. (2020). The roles of the physical environment, social servicescape, co-created value, and customer satisfaction in determining tourists’ citizenship behavior: Malaysian cultural and creative industries. Sustainability, 12(8), 3229. Alessa, L., Bennett, S. M., & Kliskey, A. D. (2003). Effects of knowledge, personal attribution and perception of ecosystem health on depreciative behaviors in the intertidal zone of Pacific Rim National Park and Reserve. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(2), 207–218. Alonso-Vazquez, M., Packer, J., Fairley, S., & Hughes, K. (2019). The role of place attachment and festival attachment in influencing attendees’ environmentally responsible behaviours at music festivals. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(1), 91–102. Alvianna, S., Hidayatullah, S., Windhyastiti, I., & Khouroh, U. (2022). The Role of Green Tourism Perception, Environmental Concern and Intention of Participation in Green Tourism on Environmentally Responsible Tourism Behavior. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan (JMDK), 10(1), 79–87. Amalia, R., Yahya, A., & . N. (2019). HALAL TOURISM: ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOSITY, MTES AND REVISIT INTENTION. In PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences (Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 1056–1068). https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2019.43.10561068 LK - https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2019.43.10561068 Amerta, I. M. S., Sara, I. M., & Bagiada, K. (2018). Sustainable tourism development. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 5(2), 248–254. Amir, S., Astuti, W., Chandrarin, G., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2025). The role of memorable travel experiences in bridging tourist enthusiasm, interaction, and behavioral intentions in ecotourism destinations. Discover Sustainability, 6(1), 1–15. Anam, M. S. (2020). Konsep Environmentalisme dalam Al-Qur’an. Al-Fanar: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 3(1), 41–56. Andini, S. A., & Arida, I. N. S. (2019). Pengelolaan Air Limbah Hotel Dan Pemanfaatannya Dalam Pembangunan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan: Studi Kasus Pada Pengelolaan Air Limbah Lagoon, ITDC, Nusa Dua. Jurnal Destinasi Pariwisata, 7(2), 339–343. Andriansyah, A. (2022). Sampah Masih Jadi “Momok” Bagi Pengembangan Lima Destinasi Wisata Super Prioritas. VOA Indonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/sampah-masih-jadi-momok-bagi-pengembangan-lima-destinasi-wisata-super-prioritas/6465960.html Ansu-Mensah, P. (2021). Green product awareness effect on green purchase intentions of university students’: an emerging market’s perspective. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 48. Antara, P. M., Musa, R., & Hassan, F. (2016). Bridging Islamic financial literacy and halal literacy: the way forward in halal ecosystem. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 196–202. Arissaputra, R., Gaffar, V., Sultan, M. A., Andriana, D., Abror, A., Sentika, S., & Christiyanto, W. W. (2025). Muslim tourists as role models for environmental responsibility: key factors in memorable nature-based tourism, place attachment, and environmental concern. Journal of Islamic Marketing. Arnold, M., Goldschmitt, M., & Rigotti, T. (2023). Dealing with information overload: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1122200. Arnould, E. J., & Thompson, C. J. (2005). Consumer culture theory (CCT): Twenty years of research. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 868–882. Arnould, E. J., & Thompson, C. J. (2015). Introduction: consumer culture theory: ten years gone (and beyond). In Consumer culture theory (pp. 1–21). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Arnould, E. J., & Thompson, C. J. (2018). Consumer culture theory: A short history of a young subdiscipline (or the tale of the rebellious offspring). Oxford Handbook of Consumption. Forthcoming. Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., Zeybek, G., & Haktanir, A. (2024). Environmental Attitude, Global Social Responsibility, and Digital Literacy: Predictors of Green Purchase Intentions Among Emerging Adults. In Current and Future Trends on Intelligent Technology Adoption: Volume 2 (pp. 79–96). Springer. Arsel, Z., & Thompson, C. J. (2011). Demythologizing consumption practices: How consumers protect their field-dependent identity investments from devaluing marketplace myths. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(5), 791–806. Arthur, G. (2022). Sektor Pariwisata Sumbang 8 Persen Emisi Karbon. Liputan 6. https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4853756/sektor-pariwisata-sumbang-8-persen-emisi-karbon Asif, M., & Fazel, H. (2024). Digital technology in tourism: a bibliometric analysis of transformative trends and emerging research patterns. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(3), 1615–1635. Askegaard, S., & Linnet, J. T. (2011). Towards an epistemology of consumer culture theory: Phenomenology and the context of context. Marketing Theory, 11(4), 381–404. Axelrod, L. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1993). Responding to environmental concerns: What factors guide individual action? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(2), 149–159. Azam, M. S. E., Abdullah, M. A., & Razak, D. A. (2019). Halal tourism: definition, justification, and scopes towards sustainable development. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 18(3), 23–31. Bada, S. O., & Olusegun, S. (2015). Constructivism learning theory: A paradigm for teaching and learning. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 5(6), 66–70. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Perkembangan Pariwisata dan Transportasi Nasional Desember 2021. Badan Pusat Statistik, 12, 25. https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/02/03/1711/jumlah-kunjungan-wisman-ke-indonesia-desember-2019-mencapai-1-38-juta-kunjungan-.html Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175. Bappeda. (2019). Jawa Barat Raih Penghargaan Destinasi Wisata Halal Unggulan. BAPPEDA Provinsi Jawa Barat. https://bappeda.jabarprov.go.id/jawa-barat-raih-penghargaan-destinasi-wisata-halal-unggulan/?utm_source=chatgpt.com Barnes, S. J., Mattsson, J., & Sørensen, F. (2016). Remembered experiences and revisit intentions: A longitudinal study of safari park visitors. Tourism Management, 57, 286–294. Battour, M., Hakimian, F., Ismail, M., & Boğan, E. (2018). The perception of non-Muslim tourists towards halal tourism: Evidence from Turkey and Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(4), 823–840. Battour, M., & Ismail, M. N. (2016). Halal tourism: Concepts, practises, challenges and future. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.008 Battour, M., Salaheldeen, M., & Mady, K. (2022). Halal tourism: exploring innovative marketing opportunities for entrepreneurs. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(4), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2020-0191 Becken, S. (2007). Tourists’ perception of international air travel’s impact on the global climate and potential climate change policies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(4), 351–368. Becken, S., & Coghlan, A. (2024). Knowledge alone won’t “fix it”: Building regenerative literacy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 32(2), 385–401. Begum, A., Jingwei, L., Marwat, I. U. K., Khan, S., Han, H., & Ariza-Montes, A. (2021). Evaluating the impact of environmental education on ecologically friendly behavior of university students in Pakistan: The roles of environmental responsibility and Islamic values. Sustainability, 13(18), 10188. Belias, D., Rossidis, I., & Valeri, M. (2022). Tourism in crisis: The impact of climate change on the tourism industry. In Tourism Risk: Crisis and Recovery Management (pp. 163–179). Emerald Publishing Limited. Belk, R. W. (2013). Extended self in a digital world. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(3), 477–500. Bhalla, R., Tiwari, P., & Chowdhary, N. (2021). Digital natives leading the world: paragons and values of Generation Z. In Generation Z marketing and management in tourism and hospitality: The future of the industry (pp. 3–23). Springer. Bigne, E., Fuentes-Medina, M. L., & Morini-Marrero, S. (2020). Memorable tourist experiences versus ordinary tourist experiences analysed through user-generated content. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 309–318. Bitner, M. J. (1992). Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees. Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 57–71. Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1993). Testing structural equation models (Vol. 154). Sage. Boto-García, D., Mariel, P., Pino, J. B., & Alvarez, A. (2022). Tourists’ willingness to pay for holiday trip characteristics: a discrete choice experiment. Tourism Economics, 28(2), 349–370. Brouwer, R. (2000). Environmental value transfer: state of the art and future prospects. Ecological Economics, 32(1), 137–152. Brown, B., Perkins, D. D., & Brown, G. (2003). Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 259–271. Buckley, R., & Chauvenet, A. L. m. (2022). Hidden economic counterflows in post-COVID international wildlife tourism. In Tourism Management (Vol. 93, p. 104624). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104624 LK - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104624 Budi Riyanto, K., & Bangsawan, S. (2022). The Mediating Role Of Halal Tourism Destination Image And The Moderating Effect Of Religiosity In Islamic Attributes And Halal Service Quality Effect To Strengthen Tourist Loyalty Behavior. In Journal of Positive School Psychology (Vol. 2022, Issue 9, pp. 2186–2213). http://journalppw.com Buhalis, D., Harwood, T., Bogicevic, V., Viglia, G., Beldona, S., & Hofacker, C. (2019). Technological disruptions in services: lessons from tourism and hospitality. Journal of Service Management, 30(4), 484–506. Cahyaningsih, E., & Nugroho, A. P. (2022). Intention to Halal Tourism: The Influence of Religiosity and Personal Efficacy. In Cakrawala: Jurnal Studi Islam (Vol. 17, Issue 1, pp. 1–9). https://doi.org/10.31603/cakrawala.4700 LK - https://doi.org/10.31603/cakrawala.4700 Cai, L., & Zhu, X. (2021). Does tourist-environment fit affect environmentally responsible behavior? Using memorable tourism experience and place attachment as intervening variables. Caldevilla-Domínguez, D., Martínez-Sala, A.-M., & Barrientos-Báez, A. (2021). Tourism and ICT. Bibliometric study on digital literacy in higher education. Education Sciences, 11(4), 172. Camacho-Murillo, A., Gounder, R., & Richardson, S. (2021). Regional destination attributes that attract domestic tourists: the role of man-made venues for leisure and recreation. Heliyon, 7(6). Campos, A. C., Mendes, J., Valle, P. O. do, & Scott, N. (2018). Co-creation of tourist experiences: A literature review. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(4), 369–400. Candrea, A.-N., Ivasciuc, I.-S., Ispas, A., Constantin, C.-P., & Nechita, F. (2025). From Clicks to Trips: Examining Online Destination Brand Experience in Ecotourism Decision Making. Administrative Sciences, 15(6), 228. Cao, L., Qu, Y., & Yang, Q. (2021). The formation process of tourist attachment to a destination. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100828. Carlisle, S., Ivanov, S., & Dijkmans, C. (2023). The digital skills divide: evidence from the European tourism industry. Journal of Tourism Futures, 9(2), 240–266. Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1987). The future of ecotourism. Mexico Journal. Cehan, A., Eva, M., Iațu, C., & Costa, C. (2020). Inquiring structure and forms of collaboration in tourism through social network analysis. Sustainability, 12(19), 8161. Çevrimkaya, M., & Zengin, B. (2023). The mediating role of memorable tourism experience on tourist behavior: A perspective on organized tours. Tourism & Management Studies, 19(2), 61–72. Chan, J. K. L., & Saikim, F. H. (2022). Exploring the ecotourism service experience framework using the dimensions of motivation, expectation and ecotourism experience. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(4), 425–443. Chang, S. (2018). Experience economy in the hospitality and tourism context. In Tourism Management Perspectives (Vol. 27, pp. 83–90). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.05.001 LK - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.05.001 Chao, Y.-L., & Lam, S.-P. (2011). Measuring responsible environmental behavior: Self-reported and other-reported measures and their differences in testing a behavioral model. Environment and Behavior, 43(1), 53–71. Chauhan, V. Z. (2020). Value-Action gap towards green consumer behavior: a theoretical review and analysis. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 8(4), 497–505. Chavan, P., Vhatkar, A., Shoukat, M. H., Mehta, M., & Ahmad, M. S. (2025). Tourist tales uncovered: navigating satisfaction through psychographics and destination impressions–a systematic literature review. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 30(1), 127–145. Chen, K.-H., Huang, L., & Ye, Y. (2023). Research on the relationship between wellness tourism experiencescape and revisit intention: A chain mediation model. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(3), 893–918. Chen, K.-H., Ye, Y., & Yu, C.-H. (2024). Military tourism cultural heritage site experiencescape effects on authenticity, memorability, and revisit intention: learning from Taiwanese military dependents’ villages. Tourism Review, 79(3), 739–756. Chen, L.-H. (2023). Modeling experiencescapes, memorable experiences, and loyalty: an empirical study on Taiwanese bicycle tourists. Chen, X., Cheng, Z. feng, & Kim, G. B. (2020a). Make it memorable: Tourism experience, fun, recommendation and revisit intentions of Chinese outbound tourists. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(5), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051904 Chen, X., Cheng, Z., & Kim, G.-B. (2020b). Make it memorable: Tourism experience, fun, recommendation and revisit intentions of Chinese outbound tourists. Sustainability, 12(5), 1904. Chen, Y.-S., Lin, Y. H., & Wu, Y.-J. (2020). How personality affects environmentally responsible behaviour through attitudes towards activities and environmental concern: Evidence from a national park in Taiwan. Leisure Studies, 39(6), 825–843. Cheng, T.-M., & Wu, H. C. (2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 557–576. Cheng, T.-M., Wu, H. C., Wang, J. T.-M., & Wu, M.-R. (2019). Community Participation as a mediating factor on residents’ attitudes towards sustainable tourism development and their personal environmentally responsible behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(14), 1764–1782. Cheng, T. E., Li, S., Zhang, H., & Cao, M. (2021). Examining the antecedents of environmentally responsible behaviour: Relationships among service quality, place attachment and environmentally responsible behaviour. Sustainability, 13(18), 10297. Cheng, Z., & Chen, X. (2022). The effect of tourism experience on tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior at cultural heritage sites: the mediating role of cultural attachment. Sustainability, 14(1), 565. Cheung, L. T. O., Lo, A. Y. H., & Fok, L. (2017). Recreational specialization and ecologically responsible behaviour of Chinese birdwatchers in Hong Kong. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(6), 817–831. Cheung, L. T. O., Ma, A. T. H., Lam, T. W. L., Chow, A. S. Y., Fok, L., & Cheang, C. C. (2020). Predictors of the environmentally responsible behaviour of participants: An empirical investigation of interpretative dolphin-watching tours. Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, e01153. Chi, Y., Liu, D., Wang, J., & Wang, E. (2020). Human negative, positive, and net influences on an estuarine area with intensive human activity based on land covers and ecological indices: An empirical study in Chongming Island, China. Land Use Policy, 99, 104846. Choi, J., Ok, C., & Choi, S. (2016). Outcomes of destination marketing organization website navigation: The role of telepresence. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 46–62. Choi, Y., & Kim, D. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in The Tourism Industry: Current Trends and Future Outlook. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering & Information Technology, 14(6). Chow, A. S. Y., Ma, A. T. H., Wong, G. K. L., Lam, T. W. L., & Cheung, L. T. O. (2019). The impacts of place attachment on environmentally responsible behavioral intention and satisfaction of Chinese nature-based tourists. Sustainability, 11(20), 5585. Churchill, S. A., Pan, L., & Paramati, S. R. (2022). Air pollution and tourism: Evidence from G20 countries. Journal of Travel Research, 61(2), 223–234. CNN. (2019). “Meneropong” Ekowisata di Indonesia. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20190320161452-269-379113/meneropong-ekowisata-di-indonesia Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386. Confente, I., & Scarpi, D. (2021). Achieving environmentally responsible behavior for tourists and residents: A norm activation theory perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 60(6), 1196–1212. Cook, D. T., & Ryan, J. M. (2015). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer Studies. John Wiley & Sons. Cook, G. (2024). The Planning, Design, and Delivery of Environmental Education and Interpretation in Ecotourism: A Case Study of Tiritiri Matangi Island. Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand. Cottrell, S. P., & Graefe, A. R. (1997). Testing a Conceptual Framework of Responsible Environmental Behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 29, 17–27. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145610327 Cova, B., Maclaran, P., & Bradshaw, A. (2013). Rethinking consumer culture theory from the postmodern to the communist horizon. Marketing Theory, 13(2), 213–225. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Cross, S. N. N., Ruvalcaba, C., Venkatesh, A., & Belk, R. W. (2018). Consumer culture theory. Emerald Publishing Limited. Cyrus, C. (2023). Ecotourism Index: The Best Holiday Destinations For Nature Lovers. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/uk/advisor/travel-insurance/ecotourism-destinations/ Dabamona, S. A., Chompupor, P., & Ghuangpeng, S. (2025). We are ready for halal tourism, aren’t we? Exploring readiness of non-Muslim perspective in Thailand. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 16(5), 1410–1428. Dabphet, S. (2021). Managing Islamic attributes through the satisfaction of Muslim tourists in a non-Muslim country. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 7(1), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2020-0124 Dafoe, A. (2015). On technological determinism: A typology, scope conditions, and a mechanism. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 40(6), 1047–1076. Dalgıç, A., Yaşar, E., & Demir, M. (2024). ChatGPT and learning outcomes in tourism education: The role of digital literacy and individualized learning. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 34, 100481. Danish, & Wang, Z. (2018). Dynamic relationship between tourism, economic growth, and environmental quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1928–1943. Daryanto, A., & Song, Z. (2021). A meta-analysis of the relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Business Research, 123, 208–219. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 319–340. Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Lemelin, H., & Scott, D. (2010). The carbon cost of polar bear viewing tourism in Churchill, Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 319–336. De, K., Nanajkar, M., Mote, S., & Ingole, B. (2020). Coral damage by recreational diving activities in a Marine Protected Area of India: Unaccountability leading to ‘tragedy of the not so commons.’ Marine Pollution Bulletin, 155, 111190. Dedeoğlu, B. B., Karakuş, Y., Çalışkan, C., & Aydın, Ş. (2023). A complexity perspective for antecedents of support for tourism development. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(1), 191–221. Degnen, C. (2016). Socialising place attachment: place, social memory and embodied affordances. Ageing & Society, 36(8), 1645–1667. Desforges, L. (2000). Traveling the world: Identity and travel biography. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 926–945. Devylia, D. (2025). An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Social Media as a Promotional Tool for Perlang Tourism Village. Indonesian Tourism Journal, 2(1), 57–70. Dhiman, S. (2008). Products, people, and planet: the triple bottom-line sustainability imperative. Journal of Global Business Issues, 2(2), 51–57. Dimanche, F., & Andrades, L. (2024). Tourism trends: Current challenges for tourism destinations management. In The Spanish model for smart tourism destination management: A methodological approach (pp. 3–21). Springer. Diskominfo. (2023). Mengenal Daya Tarik Wisata di Jawa Barat. Jabar Digital Service. https://arcgis.jabarprov.go.id/portal/apps/storymaps/stories/fb87c166a3304f75a1459898b86fa2dd do Canto, N. R., Grunert, K. G., & Dutra de Barcellos, M. (2023). Goal-framing theory in environmental behaviours: review, future research agenda and possible applications in behavioural change. Journal of Social Marketing, 13(1), 20–40. Dolnicar, S. (2015). Environmentally sustainable tourists? The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability, 140–150. Duarte Alonso, A., & Nyanjom, J. (2017). Local stakeholders, role and tourism development. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(5), 480–496. Dube, K., & Nhamo, G. (2021). Greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability in Victoria Falls: Focus on hotels, tour operators and related attractions. African Geographical Review, 40(2), 125–140. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., & Hoque, S. (2010). Estimating the carbon footprint of Australian tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 355–376. Dybsand, H. N. H., & Fredman, P. (2021). The wildlife watching experiencescape: The case of musk ox safaris at Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21(2), 148–168. Dyllick, T., & Hockerts, K. (2002). Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 11(2), 130–141. Edensor, T. (2018). Performing Tourism, Staging Tourism:(Re) producing. Tourists and Tourism: A Reader, 139. Egede, E. A. (2013). Strategic evaluation of how advertising works on product promotions. Developing Country Studies, 3(10), 139–148. Eid, R., & El-Gohary, H. (2015). Muslim Tourist Perceived Value in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. Journal of Travel Research, 54(6), 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514532367 El-Gohary, H. (2016). Halal tourism, is it really Halal? Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.013 El-Gohary, H. (2020). Coronavirus and halal tourism and hospitality industry: is it a journey to the unknown? Sustainability, 12(21), 9260. Elkington, J. (1997). The triple bottom line. Environmental Management: Readings and Cases, 2, 49–66. Escalas, J. E., & Luce, M. F. (2004). Understanding the effects of process-focused versus outcome-focused thought in response to advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 274–285. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. Evans, J. S. B. T. (2006). The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(3), 378–395. Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59, 255–278. Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10–16. Fan, D. X. F., Buhalis, D., & Lin, B. (2019). A tourist typology of online and face-to-face social contact: Destination immersion and tourism encapsulation/decapsulation. Annals of Tourism Research, 78, 102757. Feng, S., Lu, H., Tian, P., Xue, Y., Lu, J., Tang, M., & Feng, W. (2020). Analysis of microplastics in a remote region of the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for natural environmental response to human activities. Science of The Total Environment, 739, 140087. Fenitra, R. M., Premananto, G. C., Sedera, R. M. H., Abbas, A., & Laila, N. (2022). Environmentally responsible behavior and Knowledge-Belief-Norm in the tourism context: The moderating role of types of destinations. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 10(2), 273–288. Fenitra, R. M., Tanti, H., Gancar, C. P., & Indrianawati, U. (2021). Understanding younger tourist’intention toward environmentally responsible behavior. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 36, 646–653. Fennell, D. A. (2020). Ecotourism. Routledge. Fettahlıoğlu, P., & Aydoğdu, M. (2020). Developing environmentally responsible behaviours through the implementation of argumentation-and problem-based learning models. Research in Science Education, 50, 987–1025. Floren, J., Rasul, T., & Gani, A. (2020). Islamic marketing and consumer behaviour: a systematic literature review. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(6), 1557–1578. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2019-0100 Foroughi, B., Arjuna, N., Iranmanesh, M., Kumar, K. M., Tseng, M.-L., & Leung, N. (2022). Determinants of hotel guests’ pro-environmental behaviour: Past behaviour as moderator. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103167. Fossgard, K., & Fredman, P. (2019). Dimensions in the nature-based tourism experiencescape: An explorative analysis. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 28, 100219. Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C., Parmar, B. L., & De Colle, S. (2010). Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. Frent, C. (2016). An overview on the negative impacts of tourism. Revista de Turism-Studii Si Cercetari in Turism, 22. Gaffar, V., Christiyanto, W. W., Arissaputra, R., Abror, A., Achmad, N., Hidayat, E. F. F., Siregar, Q. A., & Shahril, A. (2024). Digital halal literacy and halal destination attribute as the antecedents of revisit intention. International Journal of Tourism Cities, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2023-0259 Gao, J., Huang, Z., & Zhang, C. (2017). Tourists’ perceptions of responsibility: an application of norm-activation theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 276–291. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z., Ma, Y., & Li, Y. (2023). A rational-affective-moral factor model for determining tourists’ pro-environmental behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(13), 2145–2163. Ghosh, T., & Sarkar, A. (2016). “To feel a place of heaven”: Examining the role of sensory reference cues and capacity for imagination in destination marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 25–37. Gigerenzer, G. (2020). What is bounded rationality? In Routledge handbook of bounded rationality (pp. 55–69). Routledge. Giuliani, M. V. (2003). Theory of attachment and place attachment. na. Goel, P. (2010). Triple Bottom Line Reporting: An Analytical Approach for Corporate Sustainability. Journal of Finance, Accounting & Management, 1(1). Gohary, A., Pourazizi, L., Madani, F., & Chan, E. Y. (2020). Examining Iranian tourists’ memorable experiences on destination satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1560397 Gong, T., & Tung, V. W. S. (2017). The impact of tourism mini-movies on destination image: The influence of travel motivation and advertising disclosure. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(3), 416–428. Gössling, S., & Schumacher, K. P. (2010). Implementing carbon neutral destination policies: issues from the Seychelles. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 377–391. Grah, M., Lebe, S. S., & Milfelner, B. (2023). 0 - HEI to ERB - SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE TOURIST BEHAVIOUR IN THE GORIČKO NATURE PARK.pdf (pp. 659–668). th FEB International Scientific Conference. Grant, B. J. (2017). Tokenism. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Political Behavior. Grayson, K., & Martinec, R. (2004). Consumer perceptions of iconicity and indexicality and their influence on assessments of authentic market offerings. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 296–312. Guleria, A., Joshi, R., & Adil, M. (2024). The impact of memorable tourism experiences on customer-based destination brand equity: the mediating role of destination attachment and overall satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(4), 1994–2013. Gupta, S., & Agrawal, R. (2018). Environmentally responsible consumption: Construct definition, scale development, and validation. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(4), 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1476 Hadjielias, E., Christofi, M., Christou, P., & Drotarova, M. H. (2022). Digitalization, agility, and customer value in tourism. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121334. Haid, M., Albrecht, J. N., & Finkler, W. (2021). Sustainability implementation in destination management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 312, 127718. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (Eighth). Cengage Learning EMEA. Hair, J. F., & Brunsveld, N. (2019). Essentials of business research methods. In Essentials of Business Research Methods. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429203374 Hair Jr, F., Gabriel, M. L. D. S., & Patel, V. K. (2014). AMOS covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its application as a marketing research tool. REMark: Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 13(2). Hall, C., & Cooper, C. (2008). Contemporary Tourism: An International Approach. Hallmann, K., Zehrer, A., & Rietz, J. (2021). Sport events as experiencescapes: the spectator’s perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(4), 764–779. Hamsal, M., & Abdinagoro, S. B. (2021). Sustainable Tourism Pariwisata Wisata di Era Normal Baru. Scopindo Media Pustaka. Han, H. (2014). The norm activation model and theory-broadening: Individuals’ decision-making on environmentally-responsible convention attendance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 462–471. Han, H., Hwang, J., & Lee, M. J. (2017). The value–belief–emotion–norm model: Investigating customers’ eco-friendly behavior. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(5), 590–607. Han, H., Yu, J., & Kim, W. (2018). Youth travelers and waste reduction behaviors while traveling to tourist destinations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(9), 1119–1131. Han, J. H., Lee, M. J., & Hwang, Y.-S. (2016). Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior in response to climate change and tourist experiences in nature-based tourism. Sustainability, 8(7), 644. Harahsheh, S., Haddad, R., & Alshorman, M. (2020). Implications of marketing Jordan as a Halal tourism destination. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2018-0036 Hariani, D., & Hanafiah, M. H. (2024). The competitiveness, challenges and opportunities to accommodate the Halal tourism market: a Sharia-law tourism destination perspectives. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(3), 919–942. Hariani, D., Hanafiah, M. H., Anuar, N. A. M., & Ahmad, K. N. (2024). Promoting halal tourism in sharia-compliant destination: Insights on aceh competitiveness and tourist perceived value and behavior. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14673584241283902. Harmon-Jones, E., & Mills, J. (2019). An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory. Harrington, R. J., Ottenbacher, M. C., Schmidt, L., Murray, J. C., & Von Freyberg, B. (2021). Experience perceptions, memorability and life satisfaction: a test and theory extension in the context of Oktoberfest. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 735–754. Harun, M. M., Hamat, R., & Ibrahim, H. (2024). Adapting to the Era of Independent Tourism: Challenges and Opportunities for Travel Agencies. Borneo Engineering & Advanced Multidisciplinary International Journal, 3(2), 49–56. Hasan, A. A.-T., & Aziz, R. (2024). Theory of environmentally responsible behavior (TERB) to predict waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists: a case of Bangladesh. European Business Review. Hassan, T. H., Fazia, C., Abdelmoaty, M. A., Bekzot, J., Gozner, M., Almakhayitah, M. Y., Saleh, M. I., Aleedan, M. H., Abdou, A. H., & Salem, A. E. (2024). Sustainable pathways: understanding the interplay of environmental behavior, personal values, and tourist outcomes in farm tourism. Discover Sustainability, 5(1), 153. Hassani, A., & Moghavvemi, S. (2020). Muslims’ travel motivations and travel preferences. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(2), 344–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0215 Hauser, E. (2007). Brandweek: Experiential Marketing. Experiential Marketing Forum, 26(1), 21–71. Hendrik, H., Kusumawardani, S. S., & Permanasari, A. E. (2024). The emerging landscape of halal tourism in the digital era: an IT perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(8), 1995–2015. Hendriyati, L. (2020). Upaya masyarakat Di Desa wisata penglipuran dalam menjalankan sapta pesona. Journal Of Tourism and Economic, 3(1), 49–57. Herrando, C., & Constantinides, E. (2021). Emotional contagion: A brief overview and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 712606. Hirschman, E. C., & Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic consumption: emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 92–101. Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132–140. Hollan, P. C. (2008). Cognitive versus stimulus-response theories of learning. Learning & Behavior, 36(3), 227–241. Hosany, S., Sthapit, E., & Björk, P. (2022). Memorable tourism experience: A review and research agenda. Psychology & Marketing, 39(8), 1467–1486. Hossini, H., Rezaee, A., Asadi, F., & Kahrizi, M. (2023). The Environment from the Perspective of the Qur’an and Divine Teachings. Journal of Health Reports and Technology, 9(2). Hu, J., Ou, C., Zhang, M., & Cao, X. (2023). Adult children traveling with parents: exploring travel conflict and parents’ subjective well-being. Tourism Review, 78(1), 101–121. Huang, C.-C., & Lin, W.-R. (2023). How does tourist learning affect destination attachment in nature-based tourism: Multiple mediations comparison and distal mediation analysis. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 43, 100665. Huang, D., Li, Z., Mou, J., & Liu, X. (2017). Effects of flow on young Chinese consumers’ purchase intention: a study of e-servicescape in hotel booking context. Information Technology & Tourism, 17, 203–228. Hughes, G. (1995). Authenticity in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 781–803. Ikbal, S. (2022). 500 Kg Sampah Diangkut dari Gunung Gede Pangrango, Ada Celana Dalam. Detik News. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6219715/500-kg-sampah-diangkut-dari-gunung-gede-pangrango-ada-celana-dalam Ind, N., & Coates, N. (2013). The meanings of co‐creation. European Business Review, 25(1), 86–95. Intason, M., Coetzee, W., & Lee, C. (2021). The development, implementation and challenges to water-saving practices in a water-stressed destination: a case study of the Songkran Festival, Thailand. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 12(3), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-10-2020-0065 Irfan, M., Ullah, S., Razzaq, A., Cai, J., & Adebayo, T. S. (2023). Unleashing the dynamic impact of tourism industry on energy consumption, economic output, and environmental quality in China: A way forward towards environmental sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 387, 135778. Ishii, K., Lyons, M. M., & Carr, S. A. (2019). Revisiting media richness theory for today and future. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 124–131. Ithnan, I. H. M., & Ariffin, A. A. M. (2020). Behavioral intention towards “halal hotels”: Religiosity or ethnicity? WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 17, 58–73. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2020.17.8 Iversen, N. M., Foley, C., & Hem, L. E. (2023). The role of immersive festival experiences, identity, and memory in cultural heritage tourism. Event Management, 27(1), 33–50. Iwata, O. (2001). Attitudinal determinants of environmentally responsible behavior. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 29(2), 183–190. Izard, C. E., & Izard, C. E. (1977). Theories of emotion and emotion-behavior relationships. Human Emotions, 19–42. Jang, Y. J. (2021). The role of customer familiarity in evaluating green servicescape: an investigation in the coffee shop context. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 693–716. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0356 Jann, W., & Wegrich, K. (2017). Theories of the policy cycle. In Handbook of public policy analysis (pp. 69–88). Routledge. Jansson, A. (2018). Rethinking post-tourism in the age of social media. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 101–110. Janusz, G. K., & Bajdor, P. (2013). Towards to sustainable tourism–framework, activities and dimensions. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 523–529. Ji, C., & Yan, L. (2025). The experiencescape of integrated resorts in Macao: Scale development and validation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 31(2), 424–442. Jin, M., Choi, Y., Lee, C.-K., & Ahmad, M. S. (2020). Effects of place attachment and image on revisit intention in an ecotourism destination: Using an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Sustainability, 12(18), 7831. Johaerudin. (2022). Kelola Sampah Mandiri dari Kegiatan Wisata Alam. Pusat Keteknikan Kehutanan Dan Lingkungan; Pusat Keteknikan Kehutanan dan Lingkungan. https://pustek.menlhk.go.id/aktivitas/kelola-sampah-mandiri-dari-kegiatan-wisata-alam Joo, D., Woosnam, K. M., Lee, S., & Lee, C. K. (2020). Destination loyalty as explained through self-congruity, emotional solidarity, and travel satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 338–347. Joppe, M. (1996). Sustainable community tourism development revisited. Tourism Management, 17(7), 475–479. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00065-9 Jorgensen, B. S., & Stedman, R. C. (2006). A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties. Journal of Environmental Management, 79(3), 316–327. Joy, A., & Li, E. P. H. (2012). Studying consumption behaviour through multiple lenses: an overview of consumer culture theory. Journal of Business Anthropology, 1(1), 141–173. Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2016). Measuring environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 59, 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.006 Kahneman, D., & Egan, P. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow: Farrar. Straus and Giroux, 1. Kaihatu, T. S., Spence, M. T., Kasim, A., Gde Satrya, I. D., & Budidharmanto, L. P. (2021). Millennials’ predisposition toward ecotourism: the influence of universalism value, horizontal collectivism and user generated content. Journal of Ecotourism, 20(2), 145–164. Kaiser, F. G. (1998). A general measure of ecological behavior 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(5), 395–422. Kandampully, J., Bilgihan, A., & Amer, S. M. (2023). Linking servicescape and experiencescape: creating a collective focus for the service industry. Journal of Service Management, 34(2), 316–340. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-08-2021-0301 Kang, M., & Moscardo, G. (2006). Exploring cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards responsible tourist behaviour: A comparison of Korean, British and Australian tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11(4), 303–320. Kayat, K., & Abdul Hai, M. (2014). Perceived service quality and tourists’ cognitive image of a destination. Anatolia, 25(1), 1–12. Keane, M. J. (1996). Sustaining quality in tourism destinations: an economic model with an application. Applied Economics, 28(12), 1545–1553. Kemenparekraf. (2023). Siaran Pers: Menparekraf Sebut Penyelenggaraan “Indonesia Ecotourism Summit” Tingkatkan Kualitas Pariwisata Berkelanjutan. Kementrian Pariwisata Dan Ekonomi Kreatif. https://www.kemenparekraf.go.id/hasil-pencarian/siaran-pers-menparekraf-sebut-penyelenggaraan-indonesia-ecotourism-summit-tingkatkan-kualitas-pariwisata-berkelanjutan Kementrian Partiwisata. (2025). Jumlah Perjalanan Wisatawan Nusantara Menurut Provinsi Asal Tahun 2024. Kementrian Pariwisata Republik Indonesia. https://kemenpar.go.id/direktori-statistik/jumlah-perjalanan-wisatawan-nusantara-menurut-provinsi-asal-tahun-2024 Kerber, H., & Kramm, J. (2021). On‐and offstage: Encountering entangled waste–tourism relations on the Vietnamese Island of Phu Quoc. The Geographical Journal, 187(2), 98–109. Kim, J.-H. (2018). The impact of memorable tourism experiences on loyalty behaviors: The mediating effects of destination image and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 57(7), 856–870. Kim, J.-H., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2014). Cross-cultural validation of a memorable tourism experience scale (MTES). Journal of Travel Research, 53(3), 323–335. Kim, J.-H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12–25. Kim, J.-H., Wang, Y., & Song, H. (2021). Understanding the causes of negative tourism experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(3), 304–320. Kim, J.-H., & Youn, H. (2017). How to design and deliver stories about tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 808–820. Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510385467 Kim, K., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Guo, W., Zhou, Z., & Liu, Z. (2023). Structural relationship between ecotourism motivation, satisfaction, place attachment, and environmentally responsible behavior intention in nature-based camping. Sustainability, 15(11), 8668. Kim, M.-S., & Stepchenkova, S. (2020). Altruistic values and environmental knowledge as triggers of pro-environmental behavior among tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1575–1580. Kim, M. J., Hall, C. M., & Kim, D.-K. (2020). Predicting environmentally friendly eating out behavior by value-attitude-behavior theory: does being vegetarian reduce food waste? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 797–815. Kim, S. S., & Kim, S. S. (2021). Perceived values of TV drama, audience involvement, and behavioral intention in film tourism. In Visual Media and Tourism (pp. 51–64). Routledge. Kim, Y., & Han, H. (2010). Intention to pay conventional-hotel prices at a green hotel–a modification of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(8), 997–1014. Kladou, S., & Mavragani, E. (2015). Assessing destination image: An online marketing approach and the case of TripAdvisor. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(3), 187–193. Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. Koç, B., Küçükergi̇n, K. G., & Dimanche, F. (2022). How destructive are negative tourist-to-tourist interactions despite the mitigating effect of optimism? Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 23, 100693. Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239–260. Kopnina, H. (2020). Education for the future? Critical evaluation of education for sustainable development goals. The Journal of Environmental Education, 51(4), 280–291. Kozinets, R. V. (2002). Can consumers escape the market? Emancipatory illuminations from burning man. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(1), 20–38. Kulshrestha, R., Pandey, A., & Lata, M. (2022). Examining the Predictors of Environmentally Responsible Tourism Behavior During Covid-19. Journal of Content, Community and Communication, 16(8), 226–237. https://doi.org/10.31620/JCCC.12.22/18 Kuo, H.-M., Su, J.-Y., Wang, C.-H., Kiatsakared, P., & Chen, K.-Y. (2021). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior: The mediating role of destination psychological ownership. Sustainability, 13(12), 6809. Laarman, J. G., & Durst, P. B. (1993). Nature tourism as a tool for economic development and conservation of natural resources. Nature Tourism in Asia: Opportunities and Constraints for Conservation and Economic Development. US Forest Service, Washington, DC, 1–19. Laarman, J. G., Durst, P. B., & for Forest Economics Research (U.S.), S. C. (1987). Nature Travel and Tropical Forests. Southeastern Center for Forest Economics Research. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=74ettgAACAAJ Lancaster, K. J. (1966). A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy, 74(2), 132–157. Law, R., Chan, I. C. C., & Wang, L. (2018). A comprehensive review of mobile technology use in hospitality and tourism. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(6), 626–648. Lawton, L. J., & Weaver, D. B. (2010). Normative and innovative sustainable resource management at birding festivals. Tourism Management, 31(4), 527–536. Le Chi, C. (2016). A formative model of the relationship between destination quality, tourist satisfaction and intentional loyalty: An empirical test in Vietnam. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 26, 50–62. Lee, J., Jung, T., tom Dieck, M. C., García-Milon, A., & Kim, C.-S. (2024). Affordance, digital media literacy, and emotions in virtual cultural heritage tourism experiences. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13567667241255384. Lee, J. Y. (2009). Investigating the effect of festival visitors’ emotional experiences on satisfaction, psychological commitment, and loyalty. Texas A&M University. Lee, T. H., Fu, C.-J., & Tsai, L.-F. (2019). How servicescape and service experience affect loyalty: Evidence from attendees at the Taipei International Travel Fair. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 20(5), 398–420. Lee, T. H., & Jan, F.-H. (2015). The effects of recreation experience, environmental attitude, and biospheric value on the environmentally responsible behavior of nature-based tourists. Environmental Management, 56, 193–208. Lee, T. H., Jan, F. H., & Yang, C. C. (2013). Environmentally responsible behavior of \nnature-based tourists: A review. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2(1), 100–115. http://isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n1-8.pdf Leri, I., & Theodoridis, P. (2019). The effects of the winery visitor experience on emotions, satisfaction and on post-visit behaviour intentions. Tourism Review, 74(3), 480–502. Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001 Li, C., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Cao, H., Li, W., & Wu, T. (2021). Reducing human activity promotes environmental restoration in arid and semi-arid regions: A case study in Northwest China. Science of the Total Environment, 768, 144525. Li, P., Zhou, Y., & Huang, S. (2023). Role of information technology in the development of e-tourism marketing: A contextual suggestion. Economic Analysis and Policy, 78, 307–318. Li, Q., Li, X., Chen, W., Su, X., & Yu, R. (2023). Involvement, place attachment, and environmentally responsible behaviour connected with geographical indication products. Tourism Geographies, 25(1), 44–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1826569 Li, S., Wei, M., Qu, H., & Qiu, S. (2020). How does self-image congruity affect tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(12), 2156–2174. Li, T., Liao, C., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2023). An integrated model of destination attractiveness and tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior: the mediating effect of place attachment. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 264. Li, T. T., Liu, F., & Soutar, G. N. (2021). Experiences, post-trip destination image, satisfaction and loyalty: A study in an ecotourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100547. Lin, B., Zeng, Y., Asner, G. P., & Wilcove, D. S. (2023). Coral reefs and coastal tourism in Hawaii. Nature Sustainability, 6(3), 254–258. Lin, H., Shi, S., & Gursoy, D. (2022). Destination experiencescape: conceptualization and scale development amid COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(24), 4047–4074. Lindberg, K., Munanura, I. E., Kooistra, C., Needham, M. D., & Ghahramani, L. (2022). Understanding effects of tourism on residents: A contingent subjective well-being approach. Journal of Travel Research, 61(2), 346–361. Line, N. D., Hanks, L., & Kim, W. G. (2018). An Expanded Servicescape Framework as the Driver of Place Attachment and Word of Mouth. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 42(3), 476–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348015597035 Liu, W.-Y., Yu, H.-W., & Hsieh, C.-M. (2021). Evaluating forest visitors’ place attachment, recreational activities, and travel intentions under different climate scenarios. Forests, 12(2), 171. Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, C., & Yang, Y. (2024). A review of attention restoration theory: Implications for designing restorative environments. Sustainability, 16(9), 3639. Liu, Z. (2023). Technological mediation theory and the moral suspension problem. Human Studies, 46(3), 375–388. Lončarić, D., Perišić Prodan, M., & Dlačić, J. (2021). Memorable tourism experiences inspired by the beauty of nature. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 27(2), 315–337. Lovelock, C. H., & Wright, L. (2016). Principles of service marketing and management. Prentice Hall. Lucrezi, S., Ferretti, E., Milanese, M., Sarà, A., & Palma, M. (2021). Securing sustainable tourism in marine protected areas: Lessons from an assessment of scuba divers’ underwater behaviour in non-tropical environments. Journal of Ecotourism, 20(2), 165–188. Luna-Cortes, G. (2024). Research on literacy in tourism: a review and future research agenda. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 34, 100487. Lund, N. F., Cohen, S. A., & Scarles, C. (2018). The power of social media storytelling in destination branding. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 271–280. Luo, W., Tang, P., Jiang, L., & Su, M. M. (2020). Influencing mechanism of tourist social responsibility awareness on environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122565. MacInnis, D. J., & Price, L. L. (1987). The role of imagery in information processing: Review and extensions. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(4), 473–491. Mahajan, R., Lim, W. M., Sareen, M., Kumar, S., & Panwar, R. (2023). Stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Research, 166, 114104. Mahliza, F., Nugroho, L., Putra, Y. M., Nugraha, E., & Sukiati, W. (2021). Discourses of Muslim-friendly tourism (Indonesia empirical cases). Journal of Islamic Economics & Social Science (JIESS) p-ISSN, 2722, 7499. Mahmudulhassan, M. (2024). Exploring the essence, importance, and distinctive attributes of Islamic culture: An in-depth cultural analysis. Bulletin of Islamic Research, 2(2), 311–326. Maione, C. (2021). Quantifying plastics waste accumulations on coastal tourism sites in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 168, 112418. Makhfirah, N., Utami, D., Sena, F., Mardina, V., & Rimadeni, Y. (2021). Identifikasi Tipe Kerusakan Pohon Di Wisata Hutan Lindung Kota Langsa. Jurnal Jeumpa, 8(1), 462–471. Mansouri, S. (2014). Role of halal tourism ideology in destination competitiveness: A study on selected hotels in Bangkok, Thailand. International Conference on Law, Education and Humanities, Pattaya, Thailand, 3031. Marques, J. F., & Aleixo, F. (2021). Contributing and disruptive factors to place attachment: The inhabitants of Fuzeta (the Algarve, Portugal) and their connection to the Ria Formosa lagoon. Cidades, 43, 121–138. https://doi.org/10.15847/cct.24933 Masjhoer, J. M., Wibowo, D., Sadida, B. Q., & Ogista, I. T. (2017). Penyusunan Buku Panduan Praktik Wisata Yang Bertanggung Jawab Dalam Pendakian Gunung. Jurnal Kepariwisataan, 11(3), 53–64. Mastercard-Crescentrating. (2016). Global Muslim Travel Index Report 2016. April. Mastercard-Crescentrating. (2023). Global Muslim Tourism Index Report 2023. June. Mathioudakis, G., Klironomos, I., Partarakis, N., Papadaki, E., Anifantis, N., Antona, M., & Stephanidis, C. (2021). Supporting online and on-site digital diverse travels. Heritage, 4(4), 4558–4577. McCabe, S., Li, C., & Chen, Z. (2016). Time for a radical reappraisal of tourist decision making? Toward a new conceptual model. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1), 3–15. Meijers, M. H. C., & Stapel, D. A. (2011). RETRACTED: Me tomorrow, the others later: How perspective fit increases sustainable behavior. Elsevier. Meng, B., & Cui, M. (2020). The role of co-creation experience in forming tourists’ revisit intention to home-based accommodation: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100581. Mengkebayaer, M., Nawaz, M. A., & Sajid, M. U. (2022). Eco-destination loyalty: Role of perceived value and experience in framing destination attachment and equity with moderating role of destination memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 908798. Miller, G., Rathouse, K., Scarles, C., Holmes, K., & Tribe, J. (2010). Public understanding of sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 627–645. Minor, K., McLoughlin, E., & Carlisle, S. (2024). The digital skills gap–is it time to rethink the needs of tourism and hospitality organizations in the UK? Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1–12. Mishra, H. G., Pandita, S., Bhat, A. A., Mishra, R. K., & Sharma, S. (2022). Tourism and carbon emissions: A bibliometric review of the last three decades: 1990–2021. Tourism Review, 77(2), 636–658. Mody, M. A., Suess, C., & Lehto, X. (2017). The accommodation experiencescape: a comparative assessment of hotels and Airbnb. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(9), 2377–2404. Mody, M., Suess, C., & Lehto, X. (2019). Using segmentation to compete in the age of the sharing economy: Testing a core-periphery framework. In International Journal of Hospitality Management (Vol. 78, Issue November). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.09.003 Mohammadi, F., Yazdani, H. R., Jami Pour, M., & Soltani, M. (2021). Co-creation in tourism: a systematic mapping study. Tourism Review, 76(2), 305–343. Moisander, J., Peñaloza, L., & Valtonen, A. (2008). From CCT to CCC: Building consumer culture community. In Explorations in consumer culture theory (pp. 23–49). Routledge. Moliner, M. Á., Monferrer, D., Estrada, M., & Rodríguez, R. M. (2019). Environmental sustainability and the hospitality customer experience: A study in tourist accommodation. Sustainability, 11(19), 5279. Moore, R. L., & Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to recreation settings: The case of rail‐trail users. Leisure Sciences, 16(1), 17–31. Moorhouse, T., D’Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2017). Unethical use of wildlife in tourism: What’s the problem, who is responsible, and what can be done? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 505–516. Morrison, A., Lehto, X., & Day, J. (2018). The tourism system. Kendall Hunt Publsihing. Morrison, A. M. (2013). Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge. Morrison, A. M. (2022). Tourism Marketing: In the Age of the Consumer. Routledge. Mossberg, L. (2007). A marketing approach to the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 59–74. Mouratidis, K., Peters, S., & van Wee, B. (2021). Transportation technologies, sharing economy, and teleactivities: Implications for built environment and travel. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92, 102716. Muhammad, A. (2022). Urgensi Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup Dalam Al-Qur’an. Jurnal Pilarr : Jurnal Kajian Islam Kontemporer, 13(1), 67–87. Mundet, L., Grijalvo, M., & Marin, J. (2024). Are camper travel lovers the New wave of tourism? A growing trend for destinations. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 25(5), 918–939. Munshi, J. (2014). A method for constructing Likert scales. Available at SSRN 2419366. Murphy, P. E., & Price, G. G. (2005). Tourism and sustainable development. In Global tourism (pp. 167–193). Routledge. Mursid, A., & Anoraga, P. (2022). Halal destination attributes and revisits intention: the role of destination attractiveness and perceived value. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(2), 513–528. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-03-2021-0040 Nafisah, M. (2019). Tafsir Ekologi: Menimbang Hifẓ al-Bīah sebagai Uṣul ash-Sharī’ah dalam Al-Qur’an. Al-Fanar, 2(1), 93–111. Nayak, N., Polus, R., & Piramanayagam, S. (2024). What can online reviews reveal about Tourism Destination Image? A netnographic approach to a pilgrim destination in India. Tourism Recreation Research, 49(6), 1284–1300. Neger, C. (2022). Ecotourism in crisis: an analysis of the main obstacles for the sector’s economic sustainability. Journal of Ecotourism, 21(4), 311–333. Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy? Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065–1078. Nghiêm-Phú, B., Kiều, T. H., & Hoàng, T. T. T. (2021). Tourists’ satisfaction with and intentions toward a nature-themed festival: The contribution of destination attributes, festival events, place attachment and life satisfaction. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 22(3), 221–241. Nguyen, C. P., Schinckus, C., Su, T. D., & Chong, F. H. L. (2021). The influence of tourism on income inequality. Journal of Travel Research, 60(7), 1426–1444. Nian, S., Zhang, H., Mao, L., Zhao, W., Zhang, H., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Xu, Y. (2019). How outstanding universal value, service quality and place attachment influences tourist intention towards world heritage conservation: A case study of Mount Sanqingshan National Park, China. Sustainability, 11(12), 3321. Nilnoppakun, A. A., & Ampavat, K. (2015). Integrating cultural and nostalgia tourism to initiate a quality tourism experiences at Chiangkan, Leuy Province, Thailand. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 763–771. Ningrum, N. L., & Rohman, S. (2020). Program Wisata Bersih Melalui Pemberian Reward Dalam Meningkatkan Daya Tarik Wisatawan Di Banyuwangi. Jurnal Bisnis Terapan, 4(2), 215–226. Noy, C. (2008). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327–344. Obradović, S., Stojanović, V., Tešin, A., Šećerov, I., Pantelić, M., & Dolinaj, D. (2022). Memorable tourist experiences in national parks: Impacts on future intentions and environmentally responsible behavior. Sustainability, 15(1), 547. Obradović, S., Stojanović, V., Tešin, A., Šećerov, I., Pantelić, M., & Dolinaj, D. (2023). Memorable Tourist Experiences in National Parks: Impacts on Future Intentions and Environmentally Responsible Behavior. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010547 Oktadiana, H., & Pearce, P. L. (2020). Losing touch: Uncomfortable encounters with tourism technology. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42, 266–276. Ostrom, E. (2018). Tragedy of the commons. In The new palgrave dictionary of economics (pp. 13778–13782). Springer. Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism Management, 17(3), 165–174. Ozment, J., & Morash, E. A. (1998). Assessment of the relationship between productivity and performance quality in the US domestic airline industry. Transportation Research Record, 1622(1), 22–31. Page, S. J., Connell, J., Price, S., Owen, S., Ledingham, K., & Clare, L. (2025). Operationalizing transformative tourism: Creating dementia-friendly outdoor and nature-based visitor experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 64(2), 337–359. Page, S. J., Steele, W., & Connell, J. (2006). Analysing the promotion of adventure tourism: A case study of Scotland. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(1), 51–76. Pai, C. K., Chen, H., Lee, T. J., Hyun, S. S., Liu, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2024). The impacts of under-tourism and place attachment on residents’ life satisfaction. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 30(4), 694–712. Pan, C., Abbas, J., Álvarez-Otero, S., Khan, H., & Cai, C. (2022). Interplay between corporate social responsibility and organizational green culture and their role in employees’ responsible behavior towards the environment and society. Journal of Cleaner Production, 366, 132878. Panwanitdumrong, K., & Chen, C.-L. (2021). Investigating factors influencing tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior with extended theory of planned behavior for coastal tourism in Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 169, 112507. Pardon, A. A. (2025). Overtourism di Wisata Garut: Popularitas Destinasi atau Ancaman Destinasi ? Kumparan. https://kumparan.com/abdul-aziz-pardon/overtourism-di-wisata-garut-popularitas-destinasi-atau-ancaman-destinasi-255iISaO7xh?utm_source=chatgpt.com Park, E., & Boo, S. (2010). An assessment of convention tourism’s potential contribution to environmentally sustainable growth. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 95–113. Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE Research Methods Foundations. Pasek, M., & Ratkowski, W. (2021). Participation in ecotourism education, gender and place of residence as determinants of attitudes towards sustainable tourism. GeoJournal of Tourism & Geosites, 35(2). Patrisia, D., Abror, A., Engriani, Y., Omar, M. W., Yasri, Y., Shabbir, H., Gaffar, V., Abdullah, A.-R., Rahmiati, R., & Thabrani, G. (2025). Halal literacy, health consciousness, past product quality experience and repurchase intention of halal culinary product. Journal of Islamic Ma citation: Rivaldi Arissaputra, - and Vanessa Gaffar, - and Mokh. Adib Sultan, - and Denny Andriana, - (2025) MODEL PEMBENTUKAN TOURIST ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR DALAM KONTEKS PARIWISATA HALAL. S3 thesis, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/1/D_IMN_2208206_Title.pdf document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/2/D_IMN_2208206_Chapter1.pdf document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/3/D_IMN_2208206_Chapter2.pdf document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/4/D_IMN_2208206_Chapter3.pdf document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/5/D_IMN_2208206_Chapter4.pdf document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/6/D_IMN_2208206_Chapter5.pdf document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/7/D_IMN_2208206_Chapter6.pdf document_url: http://repository.upi.edu/138986/8/D_IMN_2208206_Appendix.pdf