1	CHAPTER I 
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides general information of the study which covers the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, the methods used in the study, the collection of the data and data analysis.

1.1	Background of the Study
There are many forms of information that can be found in the world.  The manifestation of information is usually in the form of written text such as novel, article, short story, or book. These kinds of written text function as the means of information delivery that is essential in human life. In the dissemination of information, particularly in the different countries, language has become a constrain for the people who do not speak other languages. For example, Indonesians tend to have difficulties in understanding information written in English since their mother tongue is Bahasa Indonesia. Due to different languages used across the globe, translation has become a concern in human life for it is considered a means of communication between two, or even more languages. 
	The word ‘translation’ has several meanings that are defined by some experts. Newmark (1988) conceptualizes translation as a process of rendering the meaning of a text from source language into target language in the way that the author intended. In line with this, Catford (1965) states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). He uses the term ‘textual material’ to emphasize that, sometimes, there will be some conditions where the source text does not always have an equivalence in the target text. Therefore, it is possible to use a simple replacement of non-equivalent target material. For example, if there is no exact lexis or grammar to accommodate the equivalent meaning of the word in the target language, a translator can replace it with the lexis that has the closest meaning to the source language (Catford, 1965). 
In the process of translation, there are a number of methods that can help a translator to transfer meanings appropriately. The use of appropriate translation method is important since an improper use of method can lead to an incomplete or error rendering. Unfortunately, in the real situation, Indonesian translators usually face some constrains. For instance, there is a limited reference such as research or book about translation regarding Bahasa Indonesia. The references that can be found mostly focus on other languages (Akbari, 2012; Hijjo, 2013 &  Vossoughi and Pourebrahim, 2010). The studies tend to focus on the translation strategies from English to other languages such as Persian and Arabic, that have different linguistic features from Bahasa Indonesia. Another constrain is a lack of linguistic studies to see whether the shifts of language structure can function as a means of conveying meaning. Since most of the studies focus on the analysis of translation procedures, methods, and strategies (Ardhani, 2015; Iskartina, 2016; Nugroho, 2016 & Garry, 2014), thus it is significant to conduct the translation studies regarding linguistics aspect. The availability of linguistic aspects in translation studies can help translators to get more insight to reproduce the text based on the linguistic features of each language.
The linguistic features of each language are different from one to another. Each language that exists in the world has different structures. The variance of structure in languages is actually a common issue that appears in translation process. The term ‘shift’ is first mentioned by Catford (1965), a linguist and phonetician. He defines shift as the change of formal structure of the source language into the target language (Catford, 1965). Different system of language structures in each language can lead to a structural shift which can be an addition or omission of the aspect of language and the overall changes in a sentence. The study regarding structural shifts has been conducted by Akbari (2012) and Vossoughi and Pourebrahim (2010). Akbari analyzed the structural shifts in children literature, while Vossoughi and Purebrahim focused on the analysis of grammatical shifts in the news. The result of their studies attests that the shifts in the translation are inevitable in an attempt to preserve the equivalent meaning. Those previous studies focus on the analysis of structural shift using Catford’s (1965) translation shift theory. To contribute to the existing study of translation, another linguistic tool is needed to assist Catford’s translation shift theory.
This study attempts contributes to the existing study of translation by adding another linguistics tool to assist Catford’s (1965) translation shift theory. The study, then, follows the system of analysis using a Systemic Functional Linguistic framework. Acoording to Gerot and Wignell (1994), functional Linguistic regards language as a resource for making meaning. It describes language in actual use and focus on the text and context. Thus, it concerns not only with the structure but also with how the structures construct the meaning (Gerot & Wignell, 1994). Another study regarding translation shift of nominal group has been conducted previously by Meidha (2017). The study focuses on the translation shift analysis of nominal group in the movie subtitle. The result of the study shows that there are two types of shift which are single translation shift and double translation shift. Moreover, the most frequent shift appeared on the data belongs to the single translation shift which is structure shift. 
An English-Indonesian novel translation entitled The Fault in Our Stars is chosen as the instrument of the study due to two reasons. First, it is interesting to see how structural shift occur and affect the meaning making from the novel especially the best-selling novel that has been read by many people. Second, based on the preliminary observation, there are some significant numbers of structural shifts that occur in the translation. Moreover, English-Indonesian novel translation is also chosen considering the fact that there is a lack of structural shifts study taken in the form of Bahasa Indonesia. The structural shift of nominal and verbal groups in the novel translation is the main concern of this study. 
Since there is another type of group beside nominal group that can be analyzed, thus this study focuses not only on the nominal group but also on the verbal group structures. The study reveals the relationship between and among words that are structured in the source as well as targeted text. The study focuses on the nominal and verbal group since they function as means of representing experience or phenomenon in the form of linguistic structure (Gerot & Wignell, 1994). The study applies Nominal Group and Transitivity theory by Gerot and Wignell (1994) in analyzing the groups and Catford’s (1965) translation shift theory in categorizing the shifts. Thus, this study is expected to give a contribution to the exploration of structural shifts in Indonesian context using linguistic approach. More specifically, the study is guided by the following research questions.

1.2	Research Questions
This study focuses on answering the following research questions:
1.	What types of structural shifts are found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green?
2.	How does the pattern of structural shifts affect the meaning?

1.3	Aims of the Study 
Based on the research questions above, this study attempts to deal with a common phenomenon in literary translation which is structural shift. Thus, the study aims to:
1.	Find the types of structural shifts of the nominal and verbal group in the novel The Fault in Our Stars by Green (2012).
2.	Reveal how the pattern of structural shifts affects the meaning. 

1.4	Scope of the Study 
This study deals with analyzing the structural shifts in The Fault in Our Stars by Green (2012). The study uses Gerot and Wignell’s (1994) theory of nominal group and transitivity in order to analyze the element of the noun group and verbal group in the novel. Another theory which is translation shifts by Catford (1965) is also applied for the categorization of shifts that are found in the data. 

1.5	Research Methodology
1.5.1	Research Design
The method that is used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative method is applied in this study since the focus of the study is analyzing, describing and interpreting the phenomenon in term of structural shift, suggested by Cresswell (2009). Therefore, descriptive qualitative method is suitable for this study since the selected data are in the form of the text.  
	The selected data is taken from the narration in the novel itself. The textual data are analyzed through applying Systemic Functional Linguistic framework which is Nominal Group and Transitivity theory proposed by Gerot and Wignell (1994) to identify the elements in each nominal and verbal group. Then, the classification of the shifts is based on the Catford’s (1965) translation shift theory.

1.5.2	Object of the Study
The data of the study are collected from the sentences or clauses that contains nominal group as well as verbal group. The selected novel that is analyzed in the study is entitled The Fault in Our Stars both in English and Indonesian edition. The novels consist of 316 pages in English edition and 422 pages in Indonesian edition. The novel is the sixth novel produced by John Green which is published in 2012. The novel has listed as the first on the New York Times Best Seller and it has been adapted in a movie. The data is taken from the text of the printed book in which the English edition is published by the Penguin Group in 2012 and the Indonesian edition is published by Qanita in the fifth edition in 2016. The Indonesian version is translated by Nimpoeno. 

1.5.3	Data Collection
The data for this study are taken from five chapters which include chapter one, chapter two, chapter three, chapter twenty, and chapter twenty-five that are chosen in the novel The Fault in Our Stars by Green (2012). The selected chapters are chosen due to the appearance of groups of nouns or verbs that can be a representative data for the study. The data are collected through: (1) choosing several chapters that are used in the data analysis; (2) Dividing the researcher divides the data into several clauses that contains of nominal group and verbal group both in the source text (English) as well as target text (Bahasa Indonesia); (3) putting it into the table. 

1.5.4	Data Analysis
The analysis of the data requires several steps which includes choosing, categorizing, describing and concluding. The first step of analysis is choosing the data that are analyzed in the study. There are five selected chapters that is used in the study which include chapter one, two, three, twenty, and twenty-five. 
The second step is dividing the data in the form of clauses and putting it on the table. By analyzing the text in the level of clause, it will also maintain the context’s meaning. Thus, the meaning of the text both in the English version as well as Indonesian translation can be preserved. The third step is identifying nominal group and verbal group from the source text and compare it to the target text into the table. The table has some slots to put the clauses, nominal and verbal group structures, and the analysis along with the types of shifts. In this step of analysis, the theory of nominal group and transitivity proposed by Gerot and Wignell (1994) are applied. 
The following step is categorizing the types of the structural shifts in the nominal and verbal groups using Catford’s (1965) theory of translation shift. The types of translation shifts include level shift and category shift. The category of shifts is divided into several types: (1) structure shift, (2) class shift, (3) unit shift, and (4) intra-system shift. After categorizing the type of shifts, then, the most frequent shifts found in the data can be stated. 
The next step of analysis is describing the findings and discussion in detail. In this step, the result of the study and the significance of the study compared to the previous ones is presented. Then, the last step is drawing a conclusion from the findings of the study. 

1.6	Significance of the Study
This recent study is expected to give some contributions to the study of translation both theoretically as well as practically. Theoretically, the study can give contribution to the translation shift, so it can help other translators to get deeper understanding regarding English-Indonesian structural shifts. The study also enriches the scope of translation study using other theory beside translation, in this case, linguistic theory as a reference for the following study. Practically, the study is expected to make the readers get the insight of translation shift and how it can affect the meaning. 

1.7	Clarification of the Term
a.	Translation
According to Newmark (1988), translation is a process of rendering the meaning of a text from source language into target language in the way that the author intended.
b.	Structural Shift
Shift is conceptualized by Catford (1965) as the change of structure from one language into another. It can be concluded that structural shift can be defined as the change of structure from one language system to another that affects to the structure of each language.
c.	Translation shift
Catford (1965) states that translation is the reproduction of text in one language (source language) by the equivalent meaning in another language (target language). Shift means that the change from formal correspondence in the process of reproducing the meaning of the text from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965).
d.	Nominal Group
Nominal group, as stated by Gerot and Wignell (1994), is a group of words which has a noun as the head word and a modifier as the additional information related to the noun.
e.	Verbal Group
Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) argues that verbal group is a part of the sentence that functions as a process in the transitivity structure. It is also known as the representation of the existing phenomenon of the real world in the form of linguistic structure.

1.8	Organization of the Paper
This paper is organized into five chapters as follows:

Chapter I: Introduction 
This chapter provides general information of the study which covers the background of the study, research questions, aims of study, significance of the study, the methods used in the study, the collection of the data and data analysis.
Chapter II: Theoretical Framework
This chapter presents explanation of the theoretical frameworks that are covered to support the analysis of the study and some related previous studies.
Chapter III: Research Methodology 
This chapter explains the research method used in the study. It covers the research design, data source, data collection, and data analysis.
Chapter IV: Findings and Discussion
This chapter presents the result of the study. 
Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion
This chapter provides the conclusion of the study and suggestions for further study.